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Glossary

	Glossary	Description
A	ARDA	A Realisation of Distributed Analysis for LHC.In response to the recommendations of the report of the ARDA RTAG of November 2003, the LCG Project Execution Board agreed on the goals and organisation of a project to coordinate the activities to prototype distributed analysis systems for the LHC experiments using a grid.
	ApGrid	ApGrid is a partnership for Grid computing in the Asia Pacific region. ApGird is an open community encouraging collaboration and it is not restricted to just a few developed countries. As of the end of May 2004, 49 organizations from 14 countries were participating in ApGrid.
	ARCH	Architecture Area.The Architecture Area hosts working and research groups that aim to define architectures for Grid computing. Architecture has been described as bakery, receiving high quality ingredients (ideas and strategies) from various sources, and in turn delivering a well baked concept. The architectural process involves selecting those design components that best fit together to create a balanced atheistic solution that meets the goals for which the architecture is intended.
	Alliance	A collaboration of small application communities that develops systems and runs on the persistent grid infrastructure.
B	BioGrid	Biogrid is conducting a trial for the introduction of the GRID approach in the biotechnology industry. The project is focusing on the integration of three existing technologies - agent technology, automatic model classificiation technology and knowledge visualisation technology - and the production of a working prototype biotechnology information GRID.
	BLAST	Basic Local Alignment SearchTool [3] is a widely used search algorithm that is used to compute alignments of nucleic acid or protein sequences with the goal of finding the n closest matches in a target data set. BLAST takes a heuristic (rule-of-thumb) approach to a computationally highly intensive problem and is one of the fastest sequence comparison algorithms available, yet it still requires significant computational resources. It doestherefore benefit from being run in a grid computing context.
	BoilerMaker	The BoilerMaker system developed at Argonne National Laboratory allows multiple users to collaborate on the design of emission control systems in industrial incinerators. The different users interact with each other and with a simulation of the incinerator. The simulation itself can be updated more quickly using the grid technology.
C	CERN	CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research, the world's largest particle physics centre. Here physicists come to explore what matter is made of and what forces hold it together.
	CIC	Core Infrastructure Centres.CIC have two fundamental roles: to operate essential grid infrastructure services that are not required at each Resource Centre; and to act as a Grid Operations Centre providing monitoring and operational troubleshooting services. In addition they play a crucial role as second-level support to the ROCs for operational problems.
	Cluster Computing	Back in the last century,scientist put some PCs together and got them to communicate.This was the first cluster.Clusters can have different sizes. One of the big advantages of this approach is "scalability": a cluster can grow simply by adding new PCs to it. Of course there are limits, because somehow the computers have to communicate with each other, and this starts to get pretty hairy when there are many computers. But clusters of hundreds of computers are not uncommon nowadays.
	Consumer Grids	In a Consumer Grid, resources are shared on a commercial basis, rather than on the basis of goodwill or mutual self-interest. Companies or other organizations rent distributed resources, and the owners of these resources are paid for the computing power or data storage capacity they contribute, by a "middleman" in charge of the middleware.
	Condor	Condor is a Project to develop, implement, deploy, and evaluate mechanisms and policies that support High Throughput Computing (HTC) on large collections of distributively owned computing resources. Guided by both the technological and sociological challenges of such a computing environment, the Condor Team has been building software tools that enable scientists and engineers to increase their computing throughput.
D	DataGrid	DataGrid is a project funded by European Union. The objective is to build the next generation computing infrastructure providing intensive computation and analysis of shared large-scale databases, from hundreds of TeraBytes to PetaBytes, across widely distributed scientific communities.
	DataTAG	The objective of DATATAG is to implement a network infrastructure for a truly high-speed interconnection between individual GRID domains both in Europe and the US.The project will incorporate the design and implementation of advanced network services for guaranteed data delivery, transport protocol optimisation, efficiency and reliability of network resource utilisation, user-perceived application performance and middleware interoperability across different domains.
	Digital Archives	To migrate an application for heterogeneous metadata management into a Grid service, DOREGrid has gained its early success in demostrating the feasibility of managing digital archives among virtual organizations.
	DOREGrid	DORE(DOcument REtrieval) is a middleware,library and tool,for programmers to develop metadata database application.To integrate different Metadata query system, we start a new project based on GT3 and try to constrcut a appropriate framework to perform it. We have achieved integrating existing DORE application and we still work on building new framework.
	Distributed Computing	Whenever there is a problem due to lack of computing power (a complicated calculation or an applications that require more computing power than a single computer can provide) the solution is to link computer resources from across a business, a company or an academic institution. The network of computer is then used as a single, unified resource.
	DRM	Disk Resource Manager (DRM) is what we typically call an SRM implementation on top of a disk system. A DRM is a component that controls the use of a shared disk cache in a data grid.
E	EGEE	Enabling Grid for E-sciencE.The aim of EGEE project is to build on recnet advances in grid technology and develop a grid service infrastructure in European which is available to scientists 24 hours-a-day.
	EuroGrid	The EUROGRID project is a shared cost Research and Technology Development project (RTD) granted by the European Commission (grant no. IST 1999-20247). It is part of the Information Society Technologies Programme (IST). The grant period is Nov 1, 2000 till Jan 31, 2004. The EUROGRID project will demonstrate the use of GRIDs in selected scientific and industrial communities, address the specific requirements of these communities, and highlight the benefits of using GRIDs.

F	FAFNER	Factoring via Network-Enabled Recursion,which was a project which aimed at factorizing very large numbers, a computationally intensive challenge which is very relevant to digital security. Since this is a challenge which can be broken into small parts, even fairly modest computers can contribute useful power.
	Fabric	With respect to grid computing, "fabric" refers to a "layer" of grid components (underneath applications, tools, and middleware). Fabric encompasses local resource managers (e.g., operating systems, queuing systems, device drivers, libraries, etc.), and networked resources (e.g., compute and storage resources, data sources, etc.). Grid applications use grid tools and middleware components to interact with the fabric.
G	Grid computing	Connecting storage and data as well as CPUs from multiple systems into a centrally managed but flexible computing environment. True grid provides distributed resource management of heterogeneous systems.
	GRID	Whereas the Web is a service for sharing information over the Internet, the Grid is a service for sharing computer power and data storage capacity over the Internet. The Grid goes well beyond simple communication between computers, and aims ultimately to turn the global network of computers into one vast computational resource.
	gLite	gLite (pronounced "gee-lite") is the next generation middleware for grid computing. Born from the collaborative efforts of more than 80 people in 11 different academic and industrial research centres as part of the EGEE Project, gLite provides a bleeding-edge, best-of-breed framework for building grid applications tapping into the power of distributed computing and storage resources across the Internet.
	Globus Toolkit	The open source Globus Toolkit is a fundamental enabling technology for the "Grid," letting people share computing power, databases, and other tools securely online across corporate, institutional, and geographic boundaries without sacrificing local autonomy.The toolkit includes software services and libraries for resource monitoring, discovery, and management, plus security and file management.
	GRAM	Globus Resource Allocation Manager, which figures out how to convert a request for resources into commands that local computers can understand.
	GSI	Grid Security Infrastructure, which provides authentication of the user and works out that person's access rights.
	GRIS	Grid Resource Information Service, to query resources for their current configuration, capabilities, and status.
	GIIS	Grid Index Information Service, which coordinates arbitrary GRIS services.
	GridFTP	GridFTP provides a high-performance, secure and robust data transfer mechanism.
	Goodwill Grids	Goodwill Grids are for anyone owning a computer at home who wants to donate some computer capacity to a good cause.
	GridPP	GridPP is a collaboration of particle physicists and computer scientists from the UK and CERN, who are building a computing Grid for particle physics.
	GGF	The Global Grid Forum (GGF) is a community-initiated forum of thousands of individuals from industry and research leading the global standardization effort for grid computing. GGF's primary objectives are to promote and support the development, deployment, and implementation of Grid technologies and applications via the creation and documentation of "best practices" - technical specifications, user experiences, and implementation guidelines.
	GridPort	Grid Portal Toolkit (GridPort) is a collection of technologies designed to aid in the development of science portals on computational grids: user portals, applications interfaces, and education portals. GridPort leverages standard, portable technologies to provide information services that portals can access and incorporate.
	GOC	Grid Operations Center. It functions as a central repository for configuration information regarding the network, storage and computing resources at all the grid sites. It also serves as a central monitoring point for operational activity at each site and among the sites.

L	LHC	The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), currently being built at CERN near Geneva, is the largest scientific instrument on the planet. When it begins operations in 2007, it will produce roughly 15 Petabytes (15 million Gigabytes) of data annually, which thousands of scientists around the world will access and analyse.
	LCG	The mission of the LHC Computing Project (LCG) is to build and maintain a data storage and analysis infrastructure for the entire high energy physics community that will use the LHC.
	Legion	Legion was a project started at the University of Virginia in 1993, which took a rather purist computer science approach to building a metacomputing environment. It was based on an object oriented approach, where everything (files, computers on the network etc.) is an object with specific access procedures, and fits into one giant virtual machine.
M	mpiBLAST	mpiBLAST is a freely available open source parallelization of NCBI BLAST. mpiBLAST segments the BLAST database and distributes it across cluster nodes, permitting BLAST queries to be processed on many nodes simultaneously. mpiBLAST is based on MPI. The current release runs under Linux and Windows, and will probably work on other varieties of Unix as well.
	MDS	Monitoring and Discovery Service, in order to collect information about resource.Such as processing capacity, bandwidth capacity, type of storage, etc.
	Middleware	Key to success of Grid computing is the development of the 'middleware', the software that organizes and integrates the disparate computational facilities belonging to a Grid. Its main role is to automate all the "machine to machine" (M2M) negotiations required to interlace the computing and storage resources and the network into a single, seamless computational "fabric".
	Metadata	A key ingredient for the middleware is metadata. This is essentially "data about data". Metadata plays a crucial role as they contain all information about, for example, how, when and by whom a particular set of data was collected, how the data is formatted, and where in the world it is stored - sometimes at several locations.
	Metacomputing	Metacomputing was a name coined for a particular type of distributed computing, very popular in the early 'nineties, which involved linking up supercomputer centers with what was, at the time, high speed networks.
N	NICE	The NICE system developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago allows children to participate in the creation and maintenance of realistic virtual worlds, for entertainment and education. Again, by distributing these virtual world simulations on a Grid, more users can benefit from the system.
	National Grids	The idea behind National Grids is to couple high-end resources across a nation. This will provide a strategic "computing reserve" and will allow substantial computing resources to be applied to large problems in times of crisis, such as to plan responses to a major environmental disaster, earthquake, or terrorist attack. Furthermore, such a Grid will act as a "national collaboratory", supporting collaborative investigations of complex scientific and engineering problems, such as global climate change, space station design, and environmental cleanup.
	Nimrod	Nimrod is a tool that manages the execution of parametric studies across distributed computers. It takes responsibility for the overall management of an experiment, as well as the low-level issues of distributing files to remote systems, performing the remote computation and gathering the results.
O	OGSA-DAI	Open Grid Service Architecture Data Access and Integraton.The OGSA-DAI project is concerned with constructing middleware to assist with access and integration of data from separate data sources via the grid. It is engaged in identifying the requirements, designing solutions and delivering software that will meet this purpose.
	OGSI	Open Grid Services Infrastructure.OGSI refers to the base infrastructure on which OGSA is built. At its core is the "Grid Service Specification", which defines the standard interfaces and behaviors of a Grid service, building on a Web services base.
	OSG	The OSG federate many of the currently disjoint grid resources at U.S. labs and universities. The goal is to iteratively build and extend existing grids, such as Grid2003, to enable the use of common grid infrastructure and shared resources for the benefit of scientific applications.
	Openlab	The CERN Openlab is a collaboration between CERN and industrial partners to develop data-intensive Grid technologies to be used by the worldwide community of scientists working at the next-generation Large Hadron Collider. These experiments will generate enormous amounts of data, several million gigabytes a year, and will require a computing environment thousands of times more powerful and functional than anything running on today's Internet.

P	PRAGMA	Pacific Rim Applications and Grid Middleware Assembly.PRAGMA has been founded as an open organization in which Pacific Rim institutions will collaborate more formally to develop grid-enabled applications and will deploy the needed infrastructure throughout the Pacific Region to allow data, computing, and other resource sharing. Based on current collaborations, PRAGMA will enhance these collaborations and connections among individual investigators by promoting visiting scholars' and engineers' programs, building new collaborations, formalizing resource-sharing agreements, and continuing trans-Pacific network deployment.
	Peer to Peer Computing	By downloading a piece of software onto your hard drive, you could connect to a network of other users who have downloaded the same software. Users only had to specify which information on their hard drive was public, and could access what others had made public.In this way, computers can share files and other data directly, without going through a central server.
	Private Grids	Private Grids (sometimes called local-Grids or intra-Grids) can be useful in many institutions (hospitals, corporations, small firms, etc). They are characterized by a relatively small scale, central management and common purpose and, in most cases, they will probably need to integrate low-cost commodity technologies.
	Project Grids	Project Grids will likely be created to meet the needs of a variety of multi-institutional research groups and multi-company "virtual teams", to pursue short- or medium-term projects (scientific collaborations, engineering projects). A Project Grid will typically be built from shared resources for a limited time, and focus on a specific goal. Typically, this is something a self-motivated team could set up, without need to apply to any major Public Grid infrastructure for permission.
R	ROC	Regional Operations Centres.ROCs are the heart of the operational support for the grid infrastructure. They have a key role as sources of expert advice and technical support in the process of building and operating the infrastructure. The ROCs will have the expertise to assist the growing number of Resource Centres in joining the infrastructure, through the deployment of middleware releases and the development of procedures and capabilities to operate those resources. The development of deployment procedures and documentation will require some effort, and each initial deployment at a new Resource Centre will require close support, including on-site assistance where required. This support is provided by the ROC team.
	Replica Catalog	Replica Catalog, a catalog that allows other Globus tools to look up where on the Grid other replicas of a given dataset can be found.
	Replica Management system	Replica Management system, which ties together the Replica Catalog and GridFTP technologies, allowing applications to create and manage replicas of large datasets.
S	SRB	The Storage Resource Broker is a client-server based middleware implemented at San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) to provide distributed clients with uniform access to different types of storage devices, diverse storage resources, and replicated data sets in a heterogeneous computing environment.The SRB is a middleware for data grid solution, which could virtualize resource access, mediate access to distributed heterogeneous resources, use a MetaCATalog to facilitate the brokering, and integrates data and metadata.
	SRM	Scheduling and Resource Management.Generate best practice scheduling and resource management documents, protocols, and API specifications to enable interoperability.
	SETI@home	SETI@home ("SETI at home") is a distributed computing project for Internet-connected home computers, hosted by the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States.SETI@home's purpose is to analyze data incoming from the Arecibo radio telescope, searching for possible evidence of radio transmissions from extraterrestrial intelligence. With over five million users worldwide, the project is the most successful example of distributed computing to date.
T	TeraGrid	TeraGrid is a effort to build and deploy the world's largest, most comprehensive, distributed infrastructure for open scientific research.By 2004, the TeraGrid will include 20 teraflops of computing power distributed at nine sites, facilities capable of managing and storing nearly 1 petabyte of data, high-resolution visualization environments, and toolkits for grid computing.

Current grid development projects are being designed such that they require end users to be authenticated under the auspices of a "recognized" organization, called a Virtual Organization (VO). A VO must establish resource-usage agreements with grid resource providers. The VO is responsible for authorizing its members for grid computing privileges. The individual sites and resources typically enforce additional layers of authorization.

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